AnesthesiaRisks.com Evidence-based patient information about anaesthesia risk and safety Co-branded with Anonamed (medical privacy & emergency medical record)

References and key sources

This site is educational. Guidance varies between countries and institutions. Your clinical team’s local policy applies. Items below are selected high-yield sources rather than an exhaustive bibliography.

ASA physical status and perioperative risk

  1. StatPearls/NCBI Bookshelf. American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System. (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441940/
  2. Cleveland Clinic. ASA Physical Status Classification System (includes ASA VI description). (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    my.clevelandclinic.org

Procedure-specific risk prediction

  1. American College of Surgeons. ACS NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator. (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    riskcalculator.facs.org
  2. ACS Risk Calculator “About” page (predictors and outputs). (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    riskcalculator.facs.org/RiskCalculator/about.html

Airway and difficult intubation

  1. Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF, et al. Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. Br J Anaesth. 2015.
    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26556848/
  2. Difficult Airway Society (DAS). Guidelines hub. (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    das.uk.com/guidelines/

Perioperative anaphylaxis

  1. Royal College of Anaesthetists National Audit Projects (NAP6). Perioperative anaphylaxis: summary of main findings (antibiotics and NMBAs as commonest triggers). (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    nationalauditprojects.org.uk
  2. Dewachter P, Mouton-Faivre C, Hepner DL. Perioperative anaphylaxis: pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management. 2019 (open access review). (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Awareness under general anaesthesia

  1. RCoA National Audit Project (NAP5). Accidental Awareness during General Anaesthesia (AAGA). (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    rcoa.ac.uk
  2. Bischoff P, Rundshagen I. Awareness under general anesthesia. 2011 (open access review). (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Selected medication-related perioperative guidance

  1. U.S. FDA Drug Safety Communication (updated labeling). SGLT2 inhibitors and perioperative ketoacidosis risk; stop 3 days prior (4 for ertugliflozin). (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    fda.gov
  2. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). Multi-society GLP-1 guidance news release (Oct 2024). (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    asahq.org
  3. ASA (Consensus-based guidance, 2023). GLP-1 receptor agonists and aspiration risk considerations. (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    PDF copy
  4. ASRA Pain Medicine. Guidelines hub (including neuraxial/regional anesthesia and antithrombotic therapy). (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    asra.com/guidelines-articles/guidelines

Environmental impact of anesthetic agents

  1. ASA. Environmental impact of inhaled anesthetics (GWP and mitigation concepts). (Accessed 23 Dec 2025.)
    asahq.org (inhaled anesthetics)
  2. Sherman J, et al. Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of anesthetic drugs. Anesth Analg. 2012.
    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22492186/
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